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New research on skeletal muscle tissue regeneration has been published in Nano Convergence, with the goal of using nanotechnology to guide muscle differentiation.
Research: Nano-sized graphene oxide coated nano-pillars on a microgrooved polymer array can enhance the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. Photo Credit: Rattiya Thongdumhyu/Shutterstock.com
Here, the researchers used nanotechnology to guide muscle differentiation through nanometer-scale graphene oxide (sGO) modified nanopillars on the microgrooved hybrid polymer array (NMPA).
Skeletal muscle plays a key role in body movement and breathing; muscle cells contract and release due to complex biochemical signals generated and transferred by the peripheral and nervous systems.
Nano-pillars modified with nano-scale graphene oxide are used for muscle differentiation on microgrooved polymer arrays. Image source: Choi, H. etc.
Muscle tissue is mainly composed of long, multinuclear fibers after mitosis. The maintenance of this tissue is mediated by tightly located satellite cells.
Muscle satellite cells or satellite stem cells can be activated by stimuli such as physical trauma or growth signals, leading to their cell division, increasing their number or leading to progenitor cells. Myogenic progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate through fusion with each other or with damaged fibers, so that the damaged fibers and their related functions can be restored.
This is very important for maintaining muscle health. Losing muscles can cause many health problems, including chronic inflammatory diseases, cancer and neurological diseases. Disease-related muscle wasting and fatigue are important because skeletal muscle weakness can lead to increased hospital stays, restricted exercise, and overall quality of life.
Although the natural repair mechanism may contribute to minor damage to skeletal muscle health, loss of a large number of muscle bundles, or damage caused by genetic abnormalities and mutations, the natural repair mechanism is ineffective.
What is exciting is that skeletal muscle regeneration factor is expected to solve the problem of muscle tissue degeneration.
The new research focuses on generating muscle cells in vitro by controlling the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or unipotent pre-myoblasts (such as myoblasts).
Confirm the influence of graphene oxide on battery behavior. a FE-SEM image of the PR nanohole pattern and PDMS nanopillar pattern, and b the size distribution of the PDMS pattern. Raman intensity graphs of naked PDMS, LGO-, 10-sGO- and 5-sGO modified PDMS. b Confocal microscope images of cells on naked PDMS, LGO-, 10-sGO- and 5-sGO modified PDMS immunostained with actin (red) and Hoechst (blue). ce Cell spreading area (c), circularity (d) and cell aspect ratio (e) of cells on naked PDMS, LGO-, 10-sGO- and 5-sGO-modified PDMS. f Schematic diagram of trypsin and centrifugation process. g, h The percentage of cells remaining on PDMS modified with PDMS, LGO-, 10-sGO- and 5-sGO after trypsin (g) and centrifugation (h). (* p ≤ 0.5, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001). Image source: Choi, H. etc.
The most common method to induce differentiation of skeletal muscle cells involves the use of media containing various myogenic differentiation factors, including FGF, TGF-β, and IGF. This may modulate the cellular microenvironment, including the extracellular matrix (ECM), and affect the state of the cell.
An innovative research team used nano-scale graphene oxide (sGO) of various sizes on the microgrooved hybrid polymer array (NMPA) to study the most effective method to control the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells.
The incorporation of graphene oxide (GO) can increase the level of cell adhesion on micro-patterned polymer arrays and nano-patterns through techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
The above schematic diagram can illustrate how nano-scale graphene oxide modified nanopillars on microgrooved polymer arrays can be used to inoculate skeletal muscle cells and allow enhanced cell adhesion and mixed pattern arrays, such as nanopatterns and micropatterns.
Three different parameters were studied in this study: cell spread, circularity, and aspect ratio of the myoblast cell line C2C12. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate the differentiation efficiency of skeletal muscle cells of this cell line.
This novel research has produced exciting and positive results that promote the production of skeletal muscle cells. The mixed-mode array used by the researchers was found to enhance cell spread and alignment. In addition, as graphene oxide is added to the mixed pattern array, cell differentiation and stable cell culture on the polymer substrate increase simultaneously.
Confirm the myogenic differentiation of the cells. a Brightfield images of cells on naked PDMS, LG-NMPA, 10-sG-NMPA and 5-sGO-NMPA. b Confocal microscope images of cells immunostained with α-actin (green), MHC (red) and Hoechst (blue) on naked PDMS, LG-NMPA, 10-sG-NMPA and 5-sGO-NMPA . c Graph of average intensity divided by number of cores. d Schematic diagram of the correlation between GO size and cell differentiation based on average intensity data. (* p ≤ 0.5). Image source: Choi, H. etc.
This new regeneration strategy using GO-coated NMPA can be regarded as an effective platform for skeletal muscle cell differentiation. This research is a key step in advancing the field of regenerative medicine and biorobot technology composed of muscle cells and polymer matrices.
Applying this research to tissue engineering lays the foundation for further research on potential new therapies that can target skeletal muscle cell damage and gene mutations and diseases after injury.
Strengthening the field of medicine in this way can be revolutionary for tissue engineering and regeneration, and allow patient care to be prioritized, ensuring a good quality of life for the aging population.
Continue reading: Redox process for graphene and graphene oxide production.
Choi, H., Kim, C., Lee, S., Kim, T. and Oh, B., (2021) Nano-level graphene oxide coated nano-pillars on a microgrooved polymer array can strengthen bones Myocyte differentiation. Nano convergence, 8 (1). Website: https://nanoconvergencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40580-021-00291-6
Dumont, N., Bentzinger, C., Sincennes, M. and Rudnicki, M. (2015) Satellite cell and skeletal muscle regeneration. Comprehensive Physiology, pp.1027-1059. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cphy.c140068
Powers, S., Lynch, G., Murphy, K., Reid, M., and Zijdewind, I. (2016) Skeletal muscle atrophy and fatigue caused by disease. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 48(11), pp. 2307-2319. Available from the following URL: https://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/2016/11000/Disease_Induced_Skeletal_Muscle_Atrophy_and.28.aspx
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author in a personal capacity, and do not necessarily represent the views of the owner and operator of this website, AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork. This disclaimer forms part of the terms and conditions of use of this website.
Marzia Khan is a lover of scientific research and innovation. She immersed herself in literature and novel therapies through her position on the Royal Free Ethics Review Board. Marzia holds a master's degree in nanotechnology and regenerative medicine and a bachelor's degree in biomedical sciences. She currently works in the NHS and participates in a scientific innovation program.
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