Titanium is a metal known for its strength, light weight, and durability, and has properties that make it highly resistant to corrosive aquatic environments. Colorado Time Systems has conducted extensive research and conducted experiments to analyze these qualities.

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PlayCore's Colorado Time Systems shared this paper about the resistance of titanium in a swimming pool environment.

Titanium is a metal known for its strength, light weight, and durability, and has properties that make it highly resistant to corrosive aquatic environments. Colorado Time Systems has conducted extensive research and conducted experiments to analyze these qualities. Facts have proved that the corrosion resistance of titanium makes it one of the best metals for making certain parts of marine equipment; one practical application is decks.

When designing a product that will be used in a swimming pool environment, it is important to predict corrosion, as corrosion can be harmful to swimming timing equipment. When it reaches a considerable level, the timing system will not work. Some corrosive threats include water disinfection chemicals, humidity, and the water itself.

Swimming pool disinfectants such as chlorine, bromine, and salt are highly corrosive. If the pH of the pool water is lower than 7.4, these chemicals can also produce corrosive by-products. For example, insufficient free chlorine will produce chloramine compounds when decomposing biological materials.

Chloramine is the source of "pool odor" after evaporation, and is highly corrosive in a warm indoor swimming pool environment. Chloramine evaporates into the warm air and then condenses on the cooler surface. When chloramines condense, they decompose, corrode, and attack the underlying surface. This puts swimming pool components outside the water at risk.

Because the swimming pool environment is extremely corrosive, the type of metal used to make swimming pools and swimming timing equipment must be carefully selected to ensure their service life.

In the galvanic scale, titanium is second only to metals such as gold, platinum and graphite, making it noble and corrosion-resistant. Certain properties of the top-ranked metals, such as cost and low mechanical stability, exclude them from viable prospects. Titanium has the advantages of being more cost-effective, light weight and as strong as steel.

High-performance metal alloys, such as Hastelloy and Inconel, also have excellent mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. However, their price is more than twice that of titanium.

Figure 1: "The most expensive-cathode" (bottom left) = high corrosion resistance, "the most expensive-anode" (bottom right) = low corrosion resistance. If the metal is close to or at the number zero (the number at the top of the chart), the metal is considered inert.

As predicted by the position of titanium on the galvanic scale, it is extremely resistant to corrosion by chlorine. The following table describes the resistance of titanium to high concentrations of chlorine under high temperature conditions. In this accelerated climate (much worse than any swimming pool), it takes about 1,900 years for titanium to corrode one-eighth of an inch.

Figure 2: Corrosion rate: mpy = one thousandth of an inch per year Corrosion rate: mm/y = millimeters per year.

Another valuable attribute of titanium is its ability to form a barrier against corrosive agents and prevent its deterioration.

Together, oxygen and water cause the oxidation of many materials, leading to corrosion. When titanium comes in contact with oxygen and water, it will not corrode, but will produce an oxide film that is invisible to the naked eye. The thickness of the film is usually one hundredth of a micron, or about 1/10,000 of the width of a human hair. This film covers and protects the titanium surface, and continues to strengthen over time, continuously increasing the resistance to corrosive agents.

Few substances can destroy or damage this protective film. If the oxide film is mechanically damaged, it will regenerate immediately. This function, called passivation, greatly prolongs the continuous availability of titanium and involves its high estimate on the galvanic scale.

Figure 3: This depicts the oxygen monolayer/oxide film being adsorbed or accumulated on the surface of the coacervate and attached to the titanium.

Certain aquatic components, such as decks used for competitive swimming, are more susceptible to accelerated corrosion. Due to its location and function, the deck plate may be damaged by corrosive agents. The deck plate is installed at the end of each lane and sends and receives data to the timing system of the swimmers in that lane. Because of their location close to the swimming pool, they are often splashed by pool water. When the deck board experiences alternating contact with pool water and air, a dry and wet cycle is formed. This type of cycle is more corrosive than being completely immersed in the pool water, because the concentration of chemicals in the pool will increase when the pool water dries up and replenished repeatedly. In addition, when the timing system is connected to the deck, a very low voltage is introduced into the system to detect the timing signal. The pool water contains ions that make it slightly conductive. When the pool water forms a bridge between the electrical connectors, a corrosion reaction called electrolysis occurs. The signal voltage of the connected device generates electrolysis current through the water bridge between the connectors.

Although there is no risk of electric shock, this current facilitates the transportation of ionic materials and accelerates corrosion, requiring a high degree of maintenance on traditional decks in terms of cleaning and replacement. This corrosion causes a sharp increase in contact resistance, which means that the final signal cannot pass the timer.

To mitigate the effects of these corrosive conditions, Colorado Time Systems applied for a patent for a new deck design using the so-called domed terrain. The dome-shaped terrain allows water to easily flow away from the deck after splashing, helping to greatly shorten the wet part of the wet-dry cycle and prevent water from accumulating around the connectors or between their contacts.

Electrolysis can occur even during a brief splash on the deck, so Colorado Time Systems also uses titanium connectors for the new deck design. Since titanium is inert and protected by its titanium oxide layer, it is less susceptible to damage by electrolysis.

While preparing the new deck design, a research and development team from Colorado Time Systems investigated corrosion-resistant materials. After narrowing the scope and choosing titanium as the most viable option, the team then determined its corrosion resistance and environmental qualification levels. This is done by testing it under more severe conditions than the swimming pool environment. Traditional metal alloys currently used for decks have undergone the same tests.

Titanium platform board connectors and traditional platform board connectors (consisting of nickel-plated steel and nickel-plated copper alloy conductors) are exposed to wet chlorine concentrations about 10 times higher than ordinary pool water. After six months of exposure, the titanium connector did not corrode and worked normally. In contrast, after only a few days, the traditional connector suffered severe corrosion damage and could no longer work normally.

In addition to checking the chlorine corrosion resistance, the defense against hydrochloric acid was also observed. Hydrochloric acid is a diluted form of hydrochloric acid and is also very corrosive. It can be used to lower the pH value of swimming pool water, and about 2% of the diluent is used to clean the outdoor pool deck.

The hydrochloric acid used in this experiment was undiluted and contained about 25% hydrochloric acid. The titanium connector was exposed for three months. Although their gloss and gray are reduced after this exposure, the titanium connectors can still process timing signals normally, and there is no degradation in electrical connection performance due to corrosion.

Investigations conducted by Colorado Time Systems show that titanium is a strong corrosion-resistant metal in swimming pool environments. Due to the inertness of titanium and the oxide film produced by titanium to protect itself, it is obvious that the use of titanium can improve the durability of water equipment. It is essential to make aquatic equipment that can withstand the corrosive pool environment.

Therefore, installing a deck made of titanium will save facility time and money. This innovation will ensure the reliability of the product in use, reduce or even prevent accidental replacement/repair costs, and establish a higher standard for water equipment.

In response to the needs of the aquatic community, Colorado Time Systems is currently the only manufacturer of swimming timing equipment that uses titanium as the metal of choice for various connections close to pool water. This advancement, together with the patented dome topography, can greatly expand the operational use of the deck. Progress and further development will produce more innovations in the future and raise the standard of water equipment.

Reference list: John Jr., MA (2002). Titanium-the characteristics, advantages and applications of solving corrosion problems in marine services. Denver: NACE International.

Stockinger, C., Ryerson, C. and Anderson, B. (2014). Patent number 8602815. America.

Pallen AB. (2015). The pH and chlorine values ​​of good water quality. Retrieved from Pahlén P on July 30, 2015: http://www.pahlen.com/users-guide/ph-and-chlorine

Schechter, D. (2007). Myths, maintenance and problems about salt water ponds. Dallas, Texas, United States.

Nickel Development Institute; Sports Council; Construction Research Institute; Stainless Steel Consulting Center; School of Sports and Leisure Management; Swimming Pool Water Treatment Consulting Group; (2004). Stainless steel in swimming pool construction. West Midlands: Nickel Institute.

Griffiths, T. (2005, August). Purify the air: Chloramine control in indoor swimming pools. Retrieved in July 2015, from Water and Health: http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/cleaning_air.html

time. (1997). Corrosion resistance of titanium. Henderson: Titanium Metals Corporation.

Atlas Steel Corporation. (2010). Atlas Technical Note No. 7; Galvanic Corrosion. Australia: Atlas Steel Corporation.

Tadeusz, H., Rokicki, R., & Rokosz, K. (2011). Magnetoelectric polishing titanium biomaterial. In R. Pignatello, "Biomaterials Science and Engineering" (pp. 228-229). Croatia: InTech.

Donach, MJ (2000). Corrosion resistance. In MJ Donachie, Titanium: Technical Guide, 2nd edition (pp. 125-126). Novelty: ASM International.

PlayCore's Colorado Time Systems has a reputation for accuracy and innovation in swimming timing equipment. Since 1972, state-of-the-art water facilities have selected the Colorado Time System as the platinum-quality timing, scoring and display system. Learn more on www.coloradotime.com.

PlayCore advances the game through research, planning, and partnerships to help build stronger communities around the world. They incorporate this learning into their complete brand collection. PlayCore combines first-class curriculum planning and education programs with the most comprehensive entertainment products to create solutions that meet the unique needs of each community they serve. Learn more on www.playcore.com.

"Swimming News" is provided by Colorado Time Systems, a partner of SwimSwam.

Has anyone uploaded their high school science project to the wrong place? In addition, in terms of swimming pool maintenance, corrosion of titanium deck parts is obviously a negligible point of failure.

It's all true. Just think about it-the US's 17/19 core components on the titanium spectrum depend on China and Russia. The Pentagon was forced to sell its 98-2005 titanium inventory, which is now zero.

Therefore, if Russia decides to report a copy and stop exporting, the titanium in the pool will be the least important issue.

For those who are interested, there is an article on Realclearpolitics in August 2014.

Gina-Titanium used in China is mainly titanium. Although they have increased their production in recent years, they still use most of their products, and their export volume is not as large as that of Russia. However, it is the producer and supplier of the 17/19 core metals used in the United States.

I am aware of the titanium inventory shortage you are referring to. Although any sanctions may immediately stop production, the more likely fact is that long-term supply and production will not be a problem. Between Australia, Canada, India and South Africa, you have 4 allies and own the 4 largest titanium deposits in the world. You can add Sierra Leone and Northern Europe to this list...Read more »

Okay, good luck to you. We can always raid the titanium hips of old ppl and ex athletes. oh & poolsides.

This is not an article, more like an innovation report. I always receive them. As a person working on water facilities, I fully understand the importance of minimizing corrosion, which shows promising efforts and ideas. I don't understand how politics suddenly became a problem.

In fact, most swimming pools use sodium hypochlorite, and titanium has complete corrosion resistance in all types of chlorine chemicals except dry chlorine.

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